Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Oral delivery of Trichinella spiralis antigens by yeast-derived β-glucan particles enhances anti-helminth immunity

doi: 10.1038/s41541-026-01458-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A CLSM images showing RB-Ag-GPs (red) internalized by PKH67-stained (green) Raw264.7, DC2.4, and Caco-2 cells with DAPI-labeled nuclei (blue) after incubation. B Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of BALB/c mice orally administered PBS or FITC-Ag-GPs, showing biodistribution in secondary lymphoid tissues (ILN, PP, MLN), IE, and major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, small intestine), with fluorescence intensity indicating Ag-GPs uptake. C – F Flow cytometry analysis of BMDCs activation. C Single-cell gating; D CD11c⁺ DC identification; E CD86⁺CD80⁺ double-positive cell selection; F Quantification of activated DCs after treatment with PBS, Ag, GPs, or Ag-GPs. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3), **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Raw264.7, DC2.4, and Caco-2 cells in 24-well plates were incubated with RB-Ag-GPs for 4 h, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with PKH67 green fluorescent cell linker kit (PKH67GL, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) for membrane labeling and DAPI anti-fade mounting medium (DAPI, HY-K1047, MedChemExpress, USA) for nuclear staining, followed visualized by CLSM.

Techniques: Staining, Labeling, Incubation, Ex Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Flow Cytometry, Activation Assay, Single Cell, Selection

Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Oral delivery of Trichinella spiralis antigens by yeast-derived β-glucan particles enhances anti-helminth immunity

doi: 10.1038/s41541-026-01458-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: A CLSM images of RB-Ag-GPs (red) uptake in Raw264.7 and DC2.4 cells pre-treated with PBS or LA (10 μg/mL, 2 h). Nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue). B Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of FITC-Ag-GPs distribution in LA or PBS-pretreated mice at 4 h post-administration. Tissues analyzed: ILN, PP, MLN, IE, and major organs. C Dectin-1 mRNA expression levels in intestinal tissues of immunized mice at 7 dpi. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns not significant, *** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001. D , E Larvae per gram (LPG) of muscle burden and the reduction rate in mice following T. spiralis infection with vaccination at 35 dpi. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. F – H Ag-specific serum antibody levels (IgG, IgE, SIgA) in orally immunized mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Raw264.7, DC2.4, and Caco-2 cells in 24-well plates were incubated with RB-Ag-GPs for 4 h, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with PKH67 green fluorescent cell linker kit (PKH67GL, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) for membrane labeling and DAPI anti-fade mounting medium (DAPI, HY-K1047, MedChemExpress, USA) for nuclear staining, followed visualized by CLSM.

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Expressing, Infection